The computer major in the United States is mainly divided into these directions: computer theory direction, artificial intelligence direction, program application direction and computer system direction, in addition to these four directions and subdivided into many small directions, today to introduce the computer major is mainly divided into which several directions?
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Which a few directions is computer major divided basically?
In the United States, the major directions of computer science majors are divided into four directions: Artifical Intelligence, Programming Language, computer Systems, and computer theory.
Different professional directions have different professional background requirements and application requirements. Specific directions are as follows:
1, System and Network (System and Network) Computer network is a system that uses communication equipment and lines to connect multiple computer systems with different geographical locations and independent functions, and realizes the hardware, software and resource sharing and information transmission of the network with well-functioning network software.
Simple said that connect two or more computer communication system, the branch direction main study content from the network theory, topology structure, related hardware, transmission media (optical fiber, coaxial cable, twisted pair cable transmission, satellite transmission, infrared transmission, laser transmission, radio waves and other wireless transmission), to all kinds of network protocols, etc.
2. Artificial Intelligence and Robotics mainly includes machine consciousness (including machine learning, knowledge representation and inference, robot), dynamic system simulation, dynamic computing, haptic control natural language acquisition and processing, computational linguistics, statistical language technology, etc.
Automatic reasoning, graphics and images, human-computer interaction, imaging perception and sensors, probabilistic inference, neural estimation, computer vision, visual scene cognition, pattern recognition, artificial immunity, neural networks, genetic algorithms, wavelet analysis, information systems and planning, information extraction, manufacturing and control theory, etc.
3, Computer Privacy and Security is mainly to protect computers and networks from abuse and interference.
Historically, computer attacks have generally involved attacking the integrity, confidentiality and availability of the system.
Today’s information security technology has been developing, not only includes the defense against the above attacks, but also increased more applications, such as spam, and prevent identity theft caused by information leakage.
4. Programming Language includes the development of new programming languages to help programmers effectively and efficiently develop reliable software, computer-aided language learning, computational linguistics, typing theory from the beginning, automatic theorem proving,
Semantics has developed into a language-based approach to solve major problems in computer security and distributed programming, language application, programming analysis and optimization, which can fundamentally improve software reliability and security.
5, Database (Database) all aspects related to data management, including data storage, data retrieval, data analysis and visualization, such as efficient algorithms for very large data set of development, for the application of various new areas to establish a large data systems, there are also interdisciplinary studies and other fields, applicable fields have a computer game design,
Data privacy and security, etc.
6. Computer Graphics is the science of using mathematical algorithms to transform two-dimensional or three-dimensional graphics into the raster form of a computer display.
How to represent graphics in the computer, and how to use the computer to generate, process and display graphics related principles and algorithms, constitute the main learning content of computer graphics.
Graphics are usually composed of geometric elements such as points, lines, surfaces and bodies, and non-geometric attributes such as gray level, color, line type and line width.
From the perspective of processing technology, graphics are mainly divided into two categories: one is the graphics composed of lines, such as engineering drawings, contour maps, wireframe drawings of surfaces, etc., and the other is the light and shade drawings similar to photos, which is usually referred to as realistic graphics.
7, Algorithm (Algorithm) in a broad sense, the algorithm refers to the methods and steps taken to solve a problem, while the CS algorithm refers to a series of clear instructions for the computer to solve a problem or complete a task.
The advantages and disadvantages of an algorithm can be measured by the space complexity and time complexity.
The main research purpose of modern algorithm theory is how to develop a more efficient algorithm, and study the design method and implementation technology of related algorithms.
8. Computer Theory is the core subject of computer theory, which covers five parts: computability, grammar and automata, logic, complexity and semantics, involving computability theory, formal language, logic and automatic deduction, computability complexity and programming language semantics.
And learn and study the connections between these things.
9, Scientific Computing, also known as computing science, its main learning content and research field is to use the construction of mathematical models and quantitative analysis technology, through the computer to analyze and solve scientific problems.
In practical application, scientific calculation is often used in computer simulation and other mathematical calculations of various problems, including numerical simulation, model fitting, data analysis and optimization calculation.
Numerical analysis is the core method applied in the direction of scientific computing.
10. Software Engineering is the study of engineering methods to build and maintain effective, practical, and high-quality software.
Its goal is to build a software system that meets the needs of users under the three main constraints of time, resources and personnel, including improving the quality of software to design new forms and structures, developing new technologies to reduce the cost of software systems, and improving the correctness and practicability of software.
Software engineering focuses on how to create value for users.
In terms of learning content, it involves programming language, database, software development tools, system platform, standards, design patterns and so on.
11, Computer Vision is a study of how to make the machine “see” science, further said, refers to the use of cameras and computers instead of human eyes to identify, track and measure the target machine vision, and further image processing,
The use of a computer to process images more suitable for human observation or transmission to instruments.
As a scientific discipline, computer vision studies related theories and technologies, trying to build artificial intelligence systems that can obtain “information” from images or multidimensional data.
Classic computer vision applications include recognition (such as finding all pictures or video segments in a large image collection or video that contain a specified content), motion (image tracking: tracking moving objects), scene reconstruction, and image restoration.
12, Computer Architecture mainly studies and studies the structure and function of computers, as well as their application in electronic technology.
In the abstract, computer architecture is the highest level concept of a system in its environment;
It determines the interface between the hardware and software of a computer.
Specifically, computer architecture refers to the concept and architecture of computer system design, which describes the design principles of computer in practice.
It defines the components, functions, and interfaces of a computer design.
Taking the common von Neumann design as an example, the architecture design includes: instruction set, microarchitecture, data representation, addressing method, register definition, instruction system, exception mechanism, machine working state definition and switching, input and output structure, etc.
13. Human Computer Interaction, referred to as HCI, is a subject that studies human beings, computers and their mutual influence.
Human-computer interaction technology refers to the technology that realizes the dialogue between human and computer in an effective way through computer input and output equipment.
It includes the machine through the output or display equipment to provide people with a lot of information and prompts for instructions, etc., people through the input equipment to the machine input information, answer questions, etc.
Human-computer interaction technology is one of the important contents in computer user interface design.
It is closely related to cognitive science, ergonomics, psychology and other disciplines.
In terms of employment prospects, the employment situation of computer majors after graduation is very optimistic, especially CS (computer science) is one of the best prospects of the three major, the salary level is much higher than other majors.
Positions include computer and information research scientists, computer network architects, computer programmers, computer systems analysts, database administrators, information security analysts, network and computer systems administrators, software developers, and Web developers.
In terms of the difficulty of application, the United States has always had an absolute advantage in the world of computer science and academia.
In addition to students, some of the applicants are IT professionals who have already worked in the field.
Because computer science is still developing rapidly, the competition for applications to computer science programs at American universities is still fierce.
Toefl is recommended to be at least 100, individual requirements are recommended not less than 18, preferably 20 IELTS is generally 6.5 or above, individual requirements not less than 6.0 is OK, high ranking schools recommend a 7.0GRE score of at least 300, preferably 320 or above.
(CS MAJOR DOES NOT NEED TO ATTEND Sub EXAMINATION, IF BE OTHER MAJOR TURN APPLY FOR COMPUTER, THE Sub EXAMINATION THAT THE PROPOSAL ATTENDS COMPUTER.)
A GPA of at least 3.0/4.0 is required. In general, a GPA of 3.5/4.0 or 3.8/4.0 will make it easier to apply to your desired university.
Applicants for a master’s degree in computer science also need to have relevant professional research background. It is recommended to accumulate research experience in advance, actively contact professors to participate in research projects, or participate in as many math competitions as possible.
(The most favored honors of foreign professors are mathematical model competitions and mathematical competitions, and the national or even world-class ones are better.)
The CS program focuses more on an applicant’s professional background, and many top schools require that applicants have a bachelor’s degree in computer science or have taken core courses in computer science.
Such as computer science and technology, software engineering and so on belong to the relevant matching majors.
For cross-major applications, at least some core basic courses should be taken, such as C language, JAVA, computer architecture, database, etc.
Normally THE STUDENT OF DOMESTIC ENGINEERING BACKGROUND CAN TRY TO TURN MAJOR TO APPLY FOR, BUT TURN MAJOR DIFFICULTY IS VERY BIG, DO NOT PROPOSE TO TRY EASILY.
In addition, the school background is also very important. General elite schools will also pay attention to the top10 schools in China.
There are generally two degrees that schools recommend in computer Science, the Master of Science and the Master of Engineering.
The duration of the Master of Science is usually two years, mainly in the form of teaching, more academic, students can choose direct employment after graduation or continue to apply for a PhD.
The duration of master of Engineering is one to one and a half years, which is mainly employment-oriented and pays more attention to practice. Students can directly work in enterprises after graduation.
3. University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania
Cornell University ranked No. 16 in the 2020USNews Rankings. Carnegie Mellon University,
University of Southern California, University of Southern California, 2020USNews University of California-Irvine,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (36), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (48
